Biological Control of Sorghum/Millet Insect Pests with Natural Enemies

Protect crops using natural pest allies for sustainable pest control in Africa

Biological control of insect pests with natural enemies is applied in the field where the pests pose a threat. The natural enemies are released into these areas, where they naturally control the pest population by preying on them or parasitizing them. This method is particularly effective against pests like the Millet Head Miner and the Fall Armyworm. The use of this technology not only helps in reducing crop losses but also contributes to healthier ecosystems and improved food security. It’s a practical and environmentally sound solution to pest-related challenges in agriculture.

This technology is TAAT1 validated.

7•7

Scaling readiness: idea maturity 7/9; level of use 7/9

Positive or neutral impact

Adults 18 and over: Positive high
The poor: No impact
Under 18: Positive low
Women: Positive medium

Positive or neutral impact

Climate adaptability: It adapts really well
Adaptability for farmers: It helps a lot
Biodiversity: It helps them grow and thrive
Carbon footprint: It reduces emissions a little
Environment: It makes a big difference
Soil quality: It makes the soil healthier and more fertile
Water usage: It uses a little less water

Problem

Pest Infestations and Food Security: Pests like the Millet Head Miner and Fall Armyworm often infest crops in Sub-Saharan Africa, leading to significant crop losses. This not only impacts the livelihoods of farmers but also poses a threat to the region’s food security.
Overuse of Chemical Pesticides and Ecosystem Health: The frequent use of chemical pesticides to control pests can lead to environmental pollution and harm non-target species, disrupting ecosystems. Additionally, these chemicals pose health risks for farmers and consumers, and pests may develop resistance over time.
Lack of Accessibility: Many farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa lack access to effective pest management solutions. They may not have the resources or knowledge to use chemical pesticides safely and effectively, leaving them vulnerable to pest infestations and the associated crop losses.

Solution

Parasitoid Wasp Predation: Introduction of the parasitoid wasp Habrobracon hebetor, which targets the caterpillar of the millet head miner.
Caterpillar Control with Parasitoid Wasp: Utilization of the parasitoid wasp Habrobracon hebetor, which attacks the caterpillar, preventing further damage to the seeds.
Preventing Severe Infestations: Implementation of biological control techniques, such as releasing natural enemies, to prevent severe infestations and reduce crop losses.
Stable Food Supply Assurance: By controlling the millet head miner population, this approach ensures a more stable and sufficient food supply, even in years with variable rainfall.
Fall Armyworm Parasitization: Recent work shows that the parasitoid wasp Telenomus remus is a promising biocontrol organism to prevent outbreaks of the Fall Armyworm as it parasitizes the eggs of the pest.

Key points to design your project

Biological control mitigates climate change by reducing chemical pesticide use, and supports biodiversity. It aligns with SDGs 2 (Zero Hunger), 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and 15 (Life on Land).

To integrate biological control into a project, follow these steps:

Risk Assessment: Determine critical levels of the insect pest and its natural enemies when risks of outbreaks and crop damage occur. This helps in understanding the severity and timing of potential infestations.
Monitoring Protocols: Establish monitoring protocols and schemes that guide the planning of parasitoid rearing and release. Regular monitoring can help in timely intervention and effective pest management.
Awareness Campaigns: Run awareness campaigns about the advantages of biological pest control over the short- and long-term. This can help in gaining community support and acceptance for the project.
Training Programs: Train extension agents and farmers about mass-rearing and augmentative release techniques. This empowers them with the knowledge and skills to implement biological control effectively.
Resource Organization: Organize supply of low-cost materials, substrates and mated females for starter colonies. This ensures the availability of necessary resources for the project.
Evaluation and Feedback: Implement a system for regular evaluation of the project’s effectiveness and feedback from the farmers. This can help in continuous improvement and adaptation of the project as per the local needs and conditions.
Partnerships: Establish partnerships with local communities, agricultural organizations, research institutions, and other stakeholders. These partnerships can provide technical expertise, resources, and local knowledge, contributing to the successful implementation of the project.
Cost Estimation and Funding: Conduct a detailed cost estimation for the project, including costs for rearing and releasing parasitoids, training programs, monitoring, and other operational expenses. Secure funding through government grants, partnerships, or other sources to cover these costs. It’s also important to consider the cost-effectiveness of the project in the long run, as biological control can lead to significant savings by reducing the need for chemical pesticides and preventing crop losses.

Cost: $$$ 5,000 USD

establishment of parasitoïd colonies for 10,000 farmers

6,000 USD

per year for operation

3—4 USD

per "ready-to-use" bag

IP

Open source / open access

Countries with a green colour: Tested & adopted
Countries with a bright green colour: Adopted
Countries with a yellow colour: Tested

Countries where the technology has been tested and adopted
Country	Tested	Adopted
Niger	–Not tested	Adopted
Nigeria	–Not tested	Adopted
Senegal	–Not tested	Adopted
Zimbabwe	–Not tested	Adopted

This technology can be used in the colored agro-ecological zones. Any zones shown in white are not suitable for this technology.

Agro-ecological zones where this technology can be used
AEZ	Tropic - warm	Tropic - cool
Arid
Semiarid
Subhumid	–	–
Humid	–	–

Source: HarvestChoice/IFPRI 2009

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that are applicable to this technology.

Goal 2: zero hunger

Goal 12: responsible production and consumption

Monitoring Pest and Natural Enemy Populations: Begin by monitoring the population levels of both the harmful insect pests (such as the Millet Head Miner and Fall Armyworm) and their natural enemies in your fields. This can be done using simple tools like traps and magnifying glasses, or more advanced methods like high-resolution cameras fitted onto drones for rapid surveillance of larger areas.
Rearing Parasitoid Wasps (Habrobracon hebetor): If the population of natural enemies becomes too low, it's essential to increase their numbers through rearing techniques. This can be achieved using a jute bag filled with 50 grams of millet grains, 30 grams of millet grain flour, and 25 larvae of the rice moth, along with two mated female parasitoid wasps. In about 8 days, these biocontrol agents will reach the adult stage. On average, one jute bag yields around 70 parasitoids in 10 days.
Release of Parasitoid Wasps (Habrobracon hebetor): Three jute bags containing the parasitoid wasps should be placed in the field, with one bag in the middle and the others at both ends, at the beginning of the heading stage of millet. This strategic placement ensures effective coverage.
Rearing Telenomus remus (for Fall Armyworm Control): For controlling Fall Armyworm, collect sorghum leaves that are infested by the eggs of the pest. Expose these leaves to a mated female wasp in plastic flasks for 2 days, using a ratio of 20 eggs to 1 wasp. The female T. remus produces approximately 200 adults.
Release of Telenomus remus (for Fall Armyworm Control): Release T. remus on farms from the windward side of the field. This ensures they are well-positioned to target and parasitize the eggs of the Fall Armyworm.